A Beginners Guide for Teaching ESL / EFL to Foreigners

There are many non-professional teachers who are teaching English as a 2nd or foreign language. The teaching setting varies widely; to friends, at a charity, on a volunteer basis, as a part-time job, as a hobby, etc. One thing quickly becomes clear: Speaking English as a mother tongue does not an ESL or EFL (English as second language / English as a foreign language) teacher make! This guide is provided for those of you who would like to know some of the basics of teaching English to non-native speakers of English. It provides some fundamental guidelines which will make your teaching more successful and satisfying for both the student and you. Get Grammar Help Fast! Teaching English grammar is tricky as there are so many exceptions to rules, irregularities of word forms, etc. that, even if you do know your grammar rules, you are probably going to need some help when providing explanations. Knowing when to use a certain tense, word form or expression is one thing, knowing how to explain this rule is quite another. I highly recommend getting a good grammar reference as quickly as you can. Another point to consider is that a good university-level grammar guide is really not appropriate for teaching non-native speakers. I recommend the following books which have been specially designed for teaching ESL / EFL: British Press Practical English Usage by Michael Swan published by Oxford University Press - Advanced - great for teachersEnglish Grammar in Use by Raymond Murphy published by Cambridge University Press - for both beginners and intermediate American Press Understanding and Using English Grammar by Betty Schrampfer Azar published by Pearson ESL - Intermediate to advancedThe Advanced Grammar Book by Jocelyn Steer and Karen Carlisi published by Heinle Heinle Keep It Simple One problem that teachers often encounter is that of trying to do too much, too quickly. Here is an example: Lets learn the verb to have today. - OK - So, the verb to have can be used in the following ways: He has a car, Hes got a car, He had a bath this morning, He has lived here for a long time, If I had had the opportunity, I would have bought the house. Etc. Obviously, you are focusing on one point: The verb to have. Unfortunately, you are covering just about every usage of have which then also brings into play the present simple, have for possession, past simple, present perfect, have as an auxiliary verb etc. Overwhelming to say the least! The best way to approach teaching is to choose just one use or function, and focus on that specific point. Using our example from above: Lets learn the use have got for possession. He has got a car is the same as saying He has a car... etc. Instead of working vertically i.e. uses of have, you are working horizontally i.e. the various uses of have to express possession. This will help keep things simple (they are actually pretty difficult already) for your learner and give him/her tools on which to build. Slow down and Use Easy Vocabulary Native speakers are often not aware of how quickly they speak. Most teachers need to make a conscious effort to slow down when speaking. Perhaps more importantly, you need to become aware of the type of vocabulary and structures you are using. Here is an example: OK, Tom. Lets hit the books. Have you got through your homework for today? At this point, the student is probably thinking WHAT! (in his/her native language)! By using common idioms (hit the books), you increase the chance that the student will not understand you. By using phrasal verbs (get through), you can confuse students who may already have quite a good grasp of basic verbs (finish instead of get through in this case). Slowing down speech patterns and eliminating idioms and phrasal verbs can go a long way to helping students learn more effectively. Maybe the lesson should begin like this: OK, Tom. Lets begin. Have you finished your homework for today? Focus on Function One of the best ways of giving a lesson shape is to focus on a certain function and take that function as the cue for the grammar that is taught during the lesson. Here is an example: This is what John does every day: He gets up at 7 oclock. He takes a shower and then he eats breakfast. He drives to work and arrives at 8 oclock. He uses the computer at work. He often telephones clients... etc. What do you do every day? In this example, you use the function of talking about daily routines to introduce or expand on the simple present. You can ask the students questions to help teach the interrogative form, and then have the student ask you questions about your daily routines. You can then move on to questions about his/her partner - thereby including the third person singular (When does he go to work? - instead of - When do you go to work?). In this way, you help students produce language and improve language skills while providing them with structure and understandable chunks of language. The next feature in this series will focus on standard curriculums to help you structure your study and some of the better classroom books that are currently available.

Of Mine and Men and Othello - 834 Words

A person is a person through other persons†¦Ã¢â‚¬  means that an individual is who they are thanks to the society that they are in. People change and differ because of where they live in and what the people around them do. The book Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck and Othello by William Shakespeare give perfect examples of this. In the book of Mice and Men, we know the tragic ending that occurs with Lennie. But what caused this? Was it random? I believe not. Lennie had an addiction to putting soft things with such force that he would kill them without know. When he killed his boss’s wife, he didn’t mean to and ran away. George ran after him and killed him. The question is†¦ what caused George to kill his fellow friend? Since it was clear†¦show more content†¦Othello really did act based upon the actions of others. Another example Othello would be Iago himself. One can argue that Iago would have never taken the actions he did if it was not for Othello being promoted. So really Othello unintentionally started all this. Then on top of that, Othello promoted Cassio as second in command and that killed Iago much more. Iago did not want to do this, but he had to somehow have his revenge on Othello. The best way was to slowly torture him with what he loves most; his wife. It was a reaction type revenge that happened. In the end, to some point, Iago was justified for what he did. The final example is going back to of Mice and Men. Lennie did not know right from wrong and he did not know what he was going to do. Lennie was a good person and was not causing any trouble. However, the woman provoked to touch her long soft hair. Lennie was influenced by Curley’s wife. If it wasn’t for this then Lennie could have become a good young man that perhaps would have gotten smarter. Unfortunately he could control himself and therefore killed someone. We can compare both books hand in hand. First, of Mice and Men we can see that George did what he had to do in order to survive because if he did not then he would of probably died him self. George had to act based upon what choices he had. If it wasn’t for the farmers, then he would have probably keptShow MoreRelated The Irony of William Shakespeares Othello Essay1428 Words   |  6 PagesIrony of William Shakespeares Othello Irony plays a great role in ?The Tragedy of Othello?. The villain, Iago, plans from the very beginning of the play to ruin Othello?s life. All the major characters in the play believe that Iago is an honest and trustworthy person. The tragic irony is that Iago fools them all. Throughout the whole play Iago manipulates the people around him and lies to them. Iago is very distressed, because Michael Cassio was promoted to Othello?s lieutenant instead of himselfRead MoreEssay on Pride in Oedipus and Othello1727 Words   |  7 PagesPride in Oedipus and Othello   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In literature, the tragic heroes Oedipus and Othello allow the pride they have to cause their own demise by putting too much emphasis on the lives they have created for themselves. Oedipus, who blinds himself after finding out he has killed his birth father and married his birth mother, refuses to believe he has truly fulfilled his fate because he is so proud of what he has accomplished since he left Corinth. Othello demonstrates his pride by believing thatRead MoreShakespeare s Othello - Act II1376 Words   |  6 PagesMarch 7, 2015 Othello Act II, Scene III Iago and Cassio are going to spend time together partying and drinking. The dramatic irony in the situation is that the audience knows Iago is not really Cassio’s friend in this situation but instead Iago is just going along with his plan. In Othello’s statement â€Å"Iago is most honest† (IIiii), it is a dramatic irony because the audience knows that Iago is not honest at all and he’s only pretending to be honest to manipulate Cassio and Othello. Othello speaks toRead MoreEssay on Jealousy in Shakespeares Othello649 Words   |  3 PagesJealousy in Othello The tragedy of Othello is the story of jealousy. It is Othellos public insecurity that makes him jealous of Cassio and allows him to believe that Cassio has slept with Desdemona. Also, it is Iagos jealousy of Othello that drives him to destroy both Othello and Desdemona. What is fascinating about Shakespeares Othello is the way in which jealousy between the major characters is sexualized. Perhaps what makes Othello so disturbing is how quickly this sexualized jealousyRead MoreMisogynistic Themes and Language used by Shakespeare682 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout Othello and Shakespeare’s Sonnets, there are a plethora of misogynistic themes and language. However, it is not fair to assume that these are misogynistic works. The misogyny observed in the texts is conscience on the part of the author and is not meant to be emulated. Shakespeare is making artistic and social statements in every instance of misogyny. The dominant attitude of the men observed in Othello is that women are fickle, disloyal, and flawed in character. Ironically, the only individualsRead MoreSocial Context of Othello667 Words   |  3 Pagesproduction of William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello.† The famous playwright was in the midst of his tragedy period, penning such classics as â€Å"Hamlet,† â€Å"King Lear,† and â€Å"Macbeth.† The story of â€Å"Othello† has its roots in the historical events and cultural atmosphere of the late 16th and early 17th centuries. It was a common practice of playwrights at the time to borrow or lift plot ideas from other preexisting stories, and Shakespeare was no exception to the rule. The plot of â€Å"Othello† most closely resembles a 1565Read More Women as Instigators of Tragedy in the Works of William Shakespeare1219 Words   |  5 PagesWomen as Instigators of Tragedy in the Works of Shakespeare    It is the very error of the moon; She comes more nearer earth than she was wont, And makes men mad. (Othello 5.2.112-14)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The moon is often seen in literature as an allegory for love, virtue, and chastity. In Shakespeares comedies, especially, the moon is personified as Diana, the Roman goddess of chastity. In these comedies, the foolish antics of lovers (literally, lunatics) usually occur underRead MoreThe Role of Soliloquys in Othello1128 Words   |  5 PagesThe two male leads in Othello, Iago and Othello, both speak directly to the audience sharing their innermost thoughts through their soliloquies. The protagonist of the play, the tragic Othello, uses soliloquies to show his emotions about what he is told by deceitful Iago regarding his wife’s unfaithfulness. Othello’s soliloquies tend to be emotionally driven and as the play progresses they tend to be become more infected as he descends into rage and jealousy. Iago’s soliloquies however reveal hisRead MoreOthello : Vulnerability Destroys Virtues Of A Great Leader1601 Words   |  7 PagesOthello: Vulnerability Destroys Virtues Of A Great Leader Thesis: Even though Othello considers to be vulnerable is a weakness, his temperance and prudence should never come in conflict with his leadership principles because Iago despises Othello and manipulates him therefore, Othello becomes vulnerable resulting in his death. 1. Othello believes that being vulnerable is a sign of weakness. A. Othello will not expunge himself from his race and ethnicity, for he knows glorifying his heritageRead MoreExploring the Causes of the Tragedy of Shakespeare ´s Othello1014 Words   |  4 Pagesunfavorable circumstances. In the play Othello, William Shakespeare uses the literary device characterization in sequence to convey that Othello’s tragic flaw is the main reason that brings Othello to his downfall --- death. The causes of the tragedy of Othello are Othello’s gullibility to Iago, jealousy of Desdemona’s affair, and male pride. To begin, one factor that causes Othello’s downfall is that he is characterized by gullibility. Firstly, Othello is tricked by Iago, who leads him to believe

Positives And Negatives Of The Internet - 2031 Words

This essay will discuss both the positives and negatives of the Internet and how it has impacted on the music industry. Piracy, distribution and networking are just some of the aspects that have drastically changed the music scene since the arrival of the Internet. Has the Internet changed the music industry for the better or worse? In the early 1960s a computer scientist called J. C. R. Licklider proposed â€Å"the concept of a Galactic Network†. Investintech (2009) Licklider could see that having access to things like software, digital libraries and banking all on a global network could be revolutionary. This idea of a global network of computers â€Å"ultimately led to the creation of the ARPANET†. Raychel Rappold (2014) The ARPANET, which is†¦show more content†¦CNN Money (2010) Millions of downloaders were attracted by this prospect of free downloads, which then quickly led to the attraction of the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and artist such as Lars Ulrich of Metallica. This eventually led to a court order to shut Napster down. â€Å"A heated legal battle between Napster and the RIAA ends in March with an injunction against the site. Napster shuts down its network in July, declares bankruptcy, and is later reborn as a legal music subscription service in 2001†. Gearlog (2010) The MP3 file format enabled music files to be shared with great ease across all computer systems. â€Å"The development of the MP3 compression standard in the early 90s allowed vast amounts of digital audio information to be compressed into manageable files†. David Hesmondhalgh (2007) While the MP3 file format has its positives such as being digital, relatively small in file size and maintaining good sound quality it also meant it was very easy to share for free over the Internet. Digital downloads have largely contributed to lack in CD sales and even forced some stores to close down or revaluate their businesses. In 2004 Tower Records declared bankruptcy due to digital downloading. â€Å"Tower, has been unable to cope with competition from digital downloading and file copying†. BBC News (2004) The RIAA released a report stating that streaming services such as Spotify overtook CD sales last year, which is the first time inShow MoreRelatedThe Positive and Negative Effects of the Internet5097 Words   |  21 PagesThe Internet (or internet) is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (often called TCP/IP, although not all applications use TCP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical network ing technologies. The Internet carries an extensive rangeRead MorePositive And Negative Effects Of The Internet On Society998 Words   |  4 PagesThere can be both positive and negative effects of the internet on society. With society revolving around the internet, it is clear that the digital age can have both beneficial and harmful impacts on the 21st Century world, including communications, addictions, dating, schooling, work, savings, and hobbies and pastimes. One of the most affected and obvious impacts of the internet is on communications. The internet does make it easier to reach out to other humans both in and outside of our cultures;Read MorePositive and Negative Impacts of the Internet on Education.1634 Words   |  7 Pagesshould make an effort to try and stop these activities so that using the Internet can become that much safer. The term internet was practically anonymous to most of the people. And today internet has become the most ever powerful tool for man throughout the world. The internet is a collection of various services and resources.   Although, many people still think e-mail and World Wide Web as the principle constituents of internet, there is lot more in store than e-mail, chat rooms, celebrity web sitesRead MoreInternet and Education: Positive or Negative Aspect?2428 Words   |  10 PagesInternet and Education: Positive or Negative Aspect? The Internet started to boom in the 1990’s and has continued to evolve ever since. Today the concept of what was thought to be one of the greatest inventions has blown this old-time invention out of the water. In order for the Internet to be accessible a computer device is needed. Today on we can carry the Internet in our hands with wireless access; as before it was a fixed machine usually on a desk with multiple cords attached. Noting that theRead MoreChildren and Computers Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pagesmany children begin to use computers at an early age, and children can use computers in negative and positive ways. c. Thesis statement: computers effect children in positive and negative manner such as, the negative effect from computer games and Internet on children, and the positive effect from computer on childrens education. II. Body: a. Paragraph2 (first negative effect) topic sentence: The negative effect of computer games on children : 1. Violent games affect the aggressive behaviorRead More The Impact of the Internet on Society Essays676 Words   |  3 PagesThe Impact of the Internet on Society The internet is a big impact on our society today. It has been around for quite some time. In fact, in 1973, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency initiated a research to develop communication protocols that would allow networked computers to communicate transparently across multiple, linked packet networks. In 1986, the U.S. National Science Foundation initiated the development of the NSFNET which provides a major backbone communication serviceRead MoreDoes Social Networking Have A Positive And Or Negative Affect On Individuals?942 Words   |  4 PagesDoes Social networking have a positive and or negative affect on individuals? According to Susan Greenfield, a neuroscientist at the Oxford University, social networking has many negative affects. She claims that â€Å" social networking is infantilizing the human mind, into a state of mind as of children. In my opinion, I agree with greenfield’s statement because many individuals are relying on their social media accounts for everyday use. However, social networking has greatly influenced the way individualsRead MoreThe Internet s Effect On Education1106 Words   |  5 Pageswe spend 80 hours on the internet. Based on how much we spend on the internet, we should take care of ourselves and not lose our personalities. The internet has changed us in many ways, but it has pros and cons to the users of the internet. The internet helps students, teachers, and doctors and give ways to save money. Typewriters were used 100 years ago because there was no internet, but with internet now we change our culture and society. The invention of the internet was a tur ning point in historyRead MoreHow Virality Is An Internet Phenomenon1327 Words   |  6 Pagesthe internet that is. You see the internet is very complex it is woven into networks with lots of content provided. Yes, including that pointless video of that cat playing the piano you have seen over a thousand times. But did you know that the same silly cat video has reached over a million views? And so the question remains, how did something so ridiculous become so popular? It s due to a concept called virality. Virality, the process of information going viral, can have both positive andRead MorePositive Impact Of Technology871 Words   |  4 Pagesa good tool for information. Some believe the use of the internet can help with creativity, and comprehensive. Other believe that through using internet imagination is lessened, and that it leaves students not understanding what was read. Technology can have positive, and negative results, it also had many different tests and studies do ne to see the impacts. When using technology for learning, many people have explained the positive outcome that is made. It was shown that the use of technology

Bluetooth Smart Watch Essay Example For Students

Bluetooth Smart Watch Essay COPYRIGHT INFORMATIONSoldat and all the file formats the program produces areCopyright (C) 2001-04 Michal Marcinkowski. All rights reserved. =====================================================ANTI-HACK PROTECTIONBecause of the Anti-Cheat protection system used in Soldat you cannot use any hack tools like: memory finders, trainers, packet editors, hex editors and disassemblers while Soldat is running. It is STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to CLOSE all programs running in the background while Soldat is on. The use of hack tools will degrade the game to a level it will no longer be playable. Also editing the executable or other related files and crackingthe shareware protection will cause system instability and problems with network play. If this happens to you and you are sure you did not do anythingillegal please contact the author. Please remember that this is a small shareware game made by one man. If you try to break the game protection you make harm to yourselfbecause the author can stop making the game if he;s out of moneyand with overload of work making new anti-hack and anti-cheat systemsall the time. If you want to hack something please concentrate onbig companys like EA Games. Hacking a big commercial title willprove that you are good, please leave Soldat alone. =====================================================LICENSESoldat is a Shareware application. It is fully playable. If you like the game and continue using it please consider registering. The registration fee for a single copy of Soldat is US$ 9.00. =====================================================DISTRIBUTIONUNREGISTERED COPY VERSIONS OF SOLDAT. Provided that you verify that you are distributing the Shareware Version you are hereby licensed to: a. make as many copies of the Shareware version of this softwareand documentation as you wishb. give exact copies of the original Shareware version to anyonec. distribute the Shareware version of the software anddocumentation in its unmodified form via electronic means(e-mail, web page, diskette, CD including magazine Cover CDs)There is no charge for any of the above. REGISTERED VERSIONS OF SOLDAT. You may not, for any purpose, distribute copies of registeredversions of this software, documentation or related materialsto any third-parties. =====================================================LEGAL STUFFNo portion of this software may be disassembled, reverseengineered, decompiled, modified or altered. All graphics and sounds may be modified except maps and scenery files. Modified graphics and sounds can be distributed for free as game MODs. This Software is supplied as is and no liability will beaccepted by Michal Marcinkowski or any legal vendors of this software for any damage incurred by the use of this software. Neither directly nor indirectly you cannot rent or sell by any means this software. =====================================================CONTACTING THE AUTHORWWW: http://www.soldat.ple-mail: emailprotected